Which of the following maintains tracheal patency? (2023)

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1

Which of the following processes is not a functional process performed by the respiratory system?
A) Lungenbeatmung
B) Transport of respiratory gases
C) external respiration
D) pulmonary respiration

2

2) The loudness of a person's voice depends on ________.
A) Thickness of the buccal folds
B) Length of the vocal cords
C) Strength of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx
D) the force with which air flows through the vocal cords

3

3) The walls of the alveoli are made up of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is ________.
A) secretory surfactants
B) Retain dust and other debris
C) Replace the mucus in the alveoli
D) Protection of the lungs from bacterial invasion

4

4) Complete the following statement with the following options. Air leaves the lungs when the pressure is in the lungs
A) lower than atmospheric pressure.
B) greater than atmospheric pressure.
C) equal to atmospheric pressure.
D) greater than the intraalveolar pressure.

5

5) Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act as no muscle contraction is involved. However, the process depends on two factors. Which of the following lists captures these two factors?
A) The recoil of elastic fibers stretched during inspiration and the internal surface tension drag due to the alveolar fluid film
B) Expansion of the respiratory muscles contracted during inhalation and lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall
C) Negative feedback from expanding fibers used during inspiration and external surface tension pull due to surfactant
D) Combined amount of CO2 in the blood and air in the alveoli

6

6) Which of the following maintains the patency (opening) of the trachea?
a) Surface tension of water
B) Tensid
C) cartilage rings
D) pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

7

7) The intrapulmonary pressure is ________.
A) Pressure in the pleural cavity
B) Pressure in the alveoli
C) Negative pressure in the intrapleural space
D) Difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure

8

8) The relationship between pressure and volume of gases is given by ________.
A) Boyle-Löwen
B) Lei de Henry
C) Law of Charles
D) Daltons Lei

9

9) The statement "In a gas mixture, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture" describes ________.
A) Lei de Henry
B) Boyle-Löwen
C) Dalton's law
D) Charles Lei

10

10) Surfactant helps prevent alveoli from collapsing from ________.
A) Humidify the air before it enters
B) Warm the air before entering
C) disturbs the cohesion of water molecules and thus reduces the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
D) Protection of the surface of the alveoli from drying out and other environmental influences

11

11) For efficient gas exchange, the respiratory membrane must be _______.
A) at least 3 microns thick
B) 0.5 to 1 micron thick
C) between 5 and 6 microns thick
D) The thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important for the efficiency of gas exchange.

12

12) The Bohr effect releases more oxygen because a(n) ________.
A) Decreased pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
B) Decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
C) Elevated pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
D) Elevated pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

13

13) The strongest respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.
A) Loss of oxygen in tissues
B) Increase in carbon dioxide
C) pH (acidosis)
D) pH (Alkalose)

14

14) Nerve impulses from ________ lead to inspiration.
A) the ventral respiratory group
B) the chemoreceptor center
c) Drilling center
D) the preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

15

15) In the plasma, the amount of oxygen in solution is _______.
A) transports only about 1.5% of the oxygen in dissolved form
B) approximately equal to oxygen combined with hemoglobin
C) greater than oxygen combined with hemoglobin
D) Absent unless combined with carrier molecules

sixteen

16) Which of the following statements is false?
A) During fetal life, the lungs are filled with fluid.
B) Respiratory rate is lower in newborns.
C) The lowering of the diaphragm leads to abdominal breathing.
D) The chest wall becomes stiffer with age.

17

17) Which of the following statements describes the forces acting to separate the lung from the chest wall and collapse the lung?
A) The natural retraction tendency of the lungs and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
B) Compliance and transpulmonary pressures
C) the natural tendency of the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures
D) Compliance and surface tension of the alveolar fluid

18

18) Which of the following factors does not affect the increase in ventilation that occurs at the beginning of exercise?
A) Psychic Journey
B) Decrease in lactic acid levels
C) Propioceptor
D) Simultaneous cortical motor activation of skeletal muscle and respiratory center

19

19) Which of the following diseases is not a form of lung cancer?
A) Adenocarcinoma
B) Kaposi-Sarcoma
C) small cell carcinoma
D) Squamous cell carcinoma

20

20) Which of the following events is not necessary to supply O2 and remove CO2 from the body?
A) Lungenbeatmung
B) Blood pH adjustment
C) internal respiration
D) external respiration

21

21) Which of the following statements is NOT true for the airways from the middle bronchi to the aveoles?
A) The cartilage gradually decreases and disappears into the bronchioles.
B) The air flow resistance increases due to the increase in the diameter of the cross section.
C) Smooth muscle decreases proportionally evenly.
D) The lining of the tubes changes from ciliated to simple squamous epithelium in the alveoli.

22

22) Which of the following factors determines lung compliance?
A) Opening of the airways
B) Flexibility of the chest
C) Inspirationsmuskeln
D) alveolar surface tension

23

23) Tidal volume is ________ air.
A) remain in the lungs after forced expiration
B) exchanged during normal breathing
C) inhaled after a normal inspiration
D) forcibly ejected after normal process

24

24) Which of the following statements determines the direction of movement of the respiratory gas?
A) Solubility in water
B) Partialdruckgradient
C) at temperature
D) Molecular weight and size of the gas molecule

25

Possible causes of hypoxia are ________.
A) too little oxygen in the atmosphere
B) Obstruction of the esophagus
C) take several quick, deep breaths
D) be very cold

26

Lung volume, which is the total volume of exchangeable air, is ________.
A) Tidal volume
B) vital capacity
C) Inspiratory capacity
D) expiratory reserve volume

27

Since the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements about breath exchange is true?
A) Respiratory exchange occurs through the ductus arteriosus.
B) Respiratory changes are not required.
C) Respiratory exchange occurs across the placenta.
D) Because the lungs develop later in pregnancy, fetuses do not require a respiratory exchange mechanism.

28

What is not a respiratory stimulus?
A) Elevated carbon dioxide levels
B) increased blood pressure
C) Arterial Po2 below 60 mmHg
D) Arterial pH resulting from CO2 retention

29

Respiratory Control Centers are located at ________.
A) Midbrain and spinal cord
B) Medulla and bridge
C) Pons and midbrain
D) upper spinal cord and medulla oblongata

30

The amount of air that can be inhaled above the tidal volume is denoted as ________.
A) Air reserve
B) Reserve to Forfeit
C) Inspirationsreserve
D) vital capacity

31

31) Which statement about CO2 is wrong?
A) Its concentration in the blood decreases due to hyperventilation.
B) Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH.
C) More CO2 is dissolved in blood plasma than is transported by red blood cells.
D) CO2 concentrations are higher in venous blood than in arterial blood.

32

32) Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged for ________ in the lungs and across all cell membranes.
a) Osmose
B) Diffusion
C) Filtration
D) enable Transport

33

33) Choose the correct statement about the throat.
A) The pharyngeal tonsil is located in the laryngopharynx.
B) The auditory canal opens into the nasopharynx.
C) The laryngopharynx merges posteriorly into the nasopharynx.
D) The palatine tonsils are inserted into the lateral walls of the nasopharynx.

34

34) The larynx contains ________.
A) Turtle
B) a cricoid cartilage, also called Adam's apple
C) an upper pair of avascular mucous folds called true vocal folds
D) Lateral cartilage crests called false vocal cords

35

35) Which breathing muscles contract when you inflate a balloon?
A) The diaphragm would contract, the outer intercostals would relax
B) contract the internal intercostal and abdominal muscles
C) the outer intercostals contract and the diaphragm relaxes
D) the diaphragm contracts, the inner intercostals relax

36

36) How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
A) Chemically linked to the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in red blood cells
B) As a bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells
C) as carbonic acid in the plasma
D) chemically linked to the heme portion of hemoglobin

37

37) What is not in the right lobe of the lung?
A) mean wolf
B) Herzkerbe
C) horizontal crack
D) oblique slit

38

38) Which of the following is not a function of the pleura?
A) allows the lungs to inflate and deflate without friction
B) helps to divide the thoracic cavity into three chambers
C) helps limit the spread of local infections
D) helps blood flow to and from the heart since the heart is between the lungs

39

40) Factors affecting respiratory rate and depth include ________.
A) Thalamuskontrolle
B) voluntary cortical control
C) Stretch receptors in alveoli
D) Alveolar air composition

40

41) Which of the following offers the largest surface area for gas exchange?
A) Alveolar sacs
B) Alveoli
C) respiratory bronchioles
D) Alveolar ducts

41

42) The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________.
A) Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts
B) Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
C) Atria and alveolar sacs
D) respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs

42

43) An air embolism may occur because ________.
A) The person holds their breath for a long time
B) The diver holds his breath while ascending
C) The pilot holds his breath while descending
D) the person breathes pure oxygen in a pressure chamber

43

44) The inspiratory capacity is ________.
A) the total amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal expiration
B) the total amount of exchangeable air
C) functional residual capacity
D) Inhaled air after tidal inspiration

44

45) Which center is in the bulge?
A) Pontine Respirator Group (PRG)
B) expiratory
c) Inspiration
D) Neural center of the pacemaker

45

46) The nose performs all of the following functions except ________.
A) as a passage for air movement
B) as an initiator of the cough reflex
C) warm and humidify the air
D) reinigen or ar

46

47) A premature baby often has trouble breathing. However, the respiratory system is sufficiently developed to survive ________.
A) 17 weeks
B) 24 weeks
C) 28 weeks
E) 36 weeks

47

47) Which of the following statements is true about the respiratory rate of a newborn?
A) The breathing rate of a newborn is slow.
B) The respiratory rate of a newborn varies between male and female babies.
C) The respiratory rate of a newborn is about 30 breaths per minute.
D) The respiratory rate of a newborn is about 40 to 80 breaths per minute at its peak.

48

48) Choose the correct statement about the neural mechanisms of breath control.
A) The bridge is believed to be essential for the smooth transition from inhalation to exhalation.
B) Neurons of the dorsal respiratory group rhythmically depolarize to fix the breathing pattern.
C) The pontine respiratory group (PRG) continuously stimulates the medulla oblongata to deliver an inspiratory impulse.
D) The ventral respiratory group is contained in the pons.

49

49) Which of the following factors is not a factor promoting the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin and its dissociation?
A) Oxygen partial pressure
B) Temperature
C) partial pressure of carbon dioxide
D) Red blood cell count

50

50) The factors responsible for the attachment of the lungs to the chest wall are ________.
A) Lung smooth muscle
B) only the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles
C) the visceral pleurae and the variable lung volume
D) Surface tension of the pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity

51

52) The red blood cell count increases after a while when a person goes from a small size to a large one because ________.
A) The temperature is lower at higher altitudes
B) The basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes
C) Oxygen concentration and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes
D) Oxygen concentration and/or total atmospheric pressure are lower at high altitudes

52

53) Most inhaled particles such as dust do not reach the lungs due to ________.
A) ciliated mucosa of the nose
B) Abundant blood supply to the nasal mucosa.
C) porous structure of bones with horns
D) Action of the epiglottis

53

54) What is not possible?
A) The gas flow is equal to the pressure gradient across the resistor.
B) The pressure gradient is equal to the gas flow across the resistor.
C) The resistance is equal to the pressure gradient across the gas flow.
D) The amount of gas entering and leaving the alveoli is directly proportional to the pressure difference or pressure gradient between the outer atmosphere and the alveoli.

54

55) Tick the correct statement about the physical factors that influence lung ventilation.
A) A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation.
B) A less elastic lung requires less muscle action for adequate ventilation.
C) As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.
D) Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension.

55

56) Tick the correct statement about the transport of oxygen in the blood:
A) During normal activity, a hemoglobin molecule returning to the lungs carries an O2 molecule.
B) In acidosis, hemoglobin can transport oxygen more efficiently.
C) Increasing BPG levels in red blood cells improves oxygen carrying capacity.
D) An oxygen saturation of 50% in the blood returning to the lungs may indicate a higher than normal level of activity.

56

57) Which of the following diseases is characterized by destruction of the alveolar walls, resulting in abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during expiration?
A) Pneumonia
B) Tuberculosis
C) Emphysema
D) runny nose

What maintains tracheal patency?

Although,the cartilages of the trachea, along with the muscles and soft tissues of the neck, maintaining an airway (see Fig. 14.10A).

What is used to keep the trachea open?

The walls of the trachea (TRAY-kee-uh) haverigid rings of cartilageto keep it open. The trachea is also lined with cilia, which sweep fluids and foreign particles out of the airways to keep them away from the lungs.

Which artery supplies the trachea?

More often there is oneupper, middle and lower bronchial arteriesresponsible for transporting blood to the trachea and carina. The superior bronchial artery arises anteromedial to the descending thoracic aorta, lateral to the carina and dorsal to the left main bronchus.

What strengthened the walls of the trachea?

A normal trachea (trachea) is made up of many ringscartilage(a strong and flexible fabric).